Waterfall said:
Did any or all believe in reincarnation?
Difficult question to answer.
There is nothing in the Hebrew Scripture which stands as a clear and unvarnished claim that reincarnation is a fact. Some would go further and say there is nothing in the Hebrew Scriptures which affirms the possibility of reincarnation without serious hernemeutical gymnastics.
Then there is Kabbalah which says Jewish thinkers clearly believe certain texts point to reincarnation. And then those in Kabbaleh go on to distinguish between Jewish understandings of reincarnation over and against Buddhist understandings.
I've been thinking about it and if we play with language. I become incarnate through my birth. I will die and then at the time of God's choosing I will be raised bodily from the dead. Is that not a process of re-incarnation?
Creation - Fall - Redemption
Generate - degenerate-regenerate
Life - Death - Resurrection
Incarnation - Death - re-Incarnation
What I cannot square is the idea of a non-scorekeeping God directing the believer back to earth again and again and again until they get things right. Whether that be the gradual purging of negativity (Buddhism) or the gradual fulfillment of all 613 mitzvot.
One thing is, I think, very clear. Reincarnation, as a word, simply doesn't exist in either the Greek or Hebrew texts of scripture
Pharisees believed in the resurrection of the dead.
Saducees did not believe in the resurrection of the dead.
Essenes, which were a branch of the Pharisee movement likely believed in the resurrection of the dead.
Of the three it appears that the Essenes were probably the most extreme in their views regarding purity.
I could very well be wrong, I don't think any of these three factions championed the notion or reincarnation as it is popularly understood today if at all.